Lanthanide doped NaYF4 microcrystals were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. Multicolor upconversion luminescence was observed in NaYF4 microcrystals doped with Yb3+/Er3+, Yb3+/Tm3+, and Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ under the excitation of 980 nm infrared light. Importantly, the excitation power density dependence of upconversion emission intensity indicated clearly the energy transfer from Tm3+ to Er3+ ions under the excitation of low power density (5×102–9×102 W/cm2). Meanwhile, the in-verse energy transfer from Er3+ to Tm3+ ions under the excitation of relatively higher power density (4.1×104–4.9×104 W/cm2) was also revealed. This was a direct evidence for reversible energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions. Under the excitation of high power density (4.1×104–4.9×104 W/cm2), dark sensitizers were also motivated so that the bottleneck effect of high concentration Yb3+ ion doping was broken. This was the main reason for realizing high upconversion efficiency of the samples with heavy dop-ing of Yb3+ ion.
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