燃料电池是一种可将化学能通过电催化反应直接转化成电能的装置,具有能量密度高和清洁无污染等优点.燃料电池阴极氧还原反应(ORR)的动力学较迟缓,是电池能量效率损失的主要原因.目前ORR催化活性最高的是铂基催化剂,但由于贵金属铂价格昂贵,储量稀少,且对燃料小分子渗透的抗性较差,严重制约了燃料电池的大规模应用.因此,高性能、低成本的非贵金属催化剂成为燃料电池领域的研究热点.本文选用含氮量高达45％的三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂为碳源和氮源,Fe(SCN)3为铁源和硫源,以CaCl2为模板,在高温和铁的催化作用下将树脂碳化,经酸洗和二次热处理工艺,制备出铁、氮、硫共掺杂的多孔碳(FeNS-PC).干燥后的CaCl2颗粒可防止树脂在高温下交联形成块状碳颗粒,同时起到造孔模板的作用.CaCl2颗粒在温和条件下即可除去,无需强腐蚀性条件,因此不会对催化活性中心造成破坏.在Fe/N/C催化剂中掺杂S可进一步提高催化活性,不添加碳载体可避免低活性的碳载体降低质量活性,多孔结构可促进传质,充分利用活性位点.我们优化了热处理温度,并对催化剂的结构、组分及催化性能等进行了表征分析.结果表明,热处理温度为900℃时,可将树脂完全转化成多孔碳,并获得较高的杂原子掺杂量,可达到最优活性.CaCl2为模板剂可避免使用强腐蚀性试剂去除模板,有利于保留活性位,并得到多孔结构.FeNS-PC-900的比表面积可达775 m2/g.得益于原位掺杂的合成工艺,各掺杂元素在多孔碳表面均匀分布.在酸性介质中,FeNS-PC-900的半波电位可达到0.811V,仅比商业Pt/C催化剂低78 mV;在0.8V电位下的质量活性为10.2 A/g,表现出优异的催化活性.经过10000圈加速衰减测试后,其半波电位仅下降了20 mV,在0.75V电位下持续放电10000s后,其ORR电流仍保持初始电流的84.4％,具有比Pt/C更加优异的稳定性.以FeNS-PC-900为阴极催化剂的质子交换膜燃料电池的最大功率密度可达到0.49 W/cm2,并在0.6V电压下持续放电10h后,其电流仍可保持初始电流的65％,表现出良好的应用潜力.FeNS-PC-900具有高掺杂含量、高比表面积和多孔结构,并且杂原子在催化剂表面均匀分散,在半电池和燃料电池测试中都表现出优异的催化活性和稳定性,表明其是一种非常有潜力应用于燃料电池的非贵金属氧还原催化剂.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells suffer from the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the high cost of Pt catalysts.In the present work,a high-performance ORR catalyst based on Fe,N,S-doped porous carbon (FeNS-PC) was synthesized using melamine formaldehyde resin as C and N precursors,Fe(SCN)3 as Fe and S precursors,and CaCl2 as a template via a two-step heat treatment without a harsh template removal step.The results show that the catalyst treated at 900 ℃ (FeNS-PC-900) had a high surface area of 775 m2/g,a high mass activity of 10.2 A/g in an acidic medium,and excellent durability;the half-wave potential decreased by only 20 mV after 10000 potential cycles.The FeNS-PC-900 catalyst was used as the cathode in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and delivered a peak power density of 0.49 W/cm2.FeNS-PC-900 therefore has good potential for use in practical applications.
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