随着埋入式电容器的发展,具有高介电性能聚合物基复合材料的研究显得尤为重要.目前,高介电聚合物基复合材料主要有两种,铁电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料和导电颗粒/聚合物复合材料.综述了这两种复合材料的特点和最新研究进展,概述了可以增强聚合物基复合材料介电性能的方法.首先针对铁电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料介电常数难以提高的缺点,指出通过高介电聚合物基体的选择、陶瓷填料含量与尺寸形貌的控制,可以有效地提高这类材料的介电常数;同时介绍了这类复合材料不同界面结构和稳固界面的重要性,重点阐述了形成化学键连接的“分子桥”结构的方法;然后针对导电颗粒/聚合物复合材料渗流阈值难以控制和介电损耗高的问题,探讨了影响渗流阈值的因素和减小介电损耗的方法;最后基于本课题组在功能性纳米填料、高介电聚合物复合材料的基础研究及应用探索方面的工作积累,对高介电聚合物基复合材料的未来发展方向做出展望.
参考文献
| [1] | Jianwen Xu;Kyoung-Sik Moon;Christopher Tison;C. P. Wong .A Novel Aluminum-Filled Composite Dielectric for Embedded Passive Applications[J].IEEE transactions on advanced packaging,2006(2):295-306. |
| [2] | Jang Y K;Won J C;Yoon H G .Changing the dielectric properties of BaTiO3 filled poly(phenylene oxide) composites by control of their structure[J].Applied Physics Letters,2009,95:052907. |
| [3] | Kakimoto M A;Takahashi A;Tsurumi T A et al.Polymer-ceramic nanocomposites based on new concepts for embedded capacitor[J].MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING B,2006,132:74. |
| [4] | Jillek W;Yung W .Embedded components in printed circuit boards:A processing technology review[J].Int J Manuf Techn,2005,25(3):350. |
| [5] | Richard Ulrich .Embedded Resistors and Capacitors for Organic-Based SOP[J].IEEE transactions on advanced packaging,2004(2):326-331. |
| [6] | Lu JX;Moon KS;Xu JW;Wong CP .Synthesis and dielectric properties of novel high-K polymer composites containing in-situ formed silver nanoparticles for embedded capacitor applications[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry: An Interdisciplinary Journal dealing with Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications of Materials, Particulary Those Associated with Advanced Technology,2006(16):1543-1548. |
| [7] | Rao Y;Ogitani S;Kohl P et al.Novel polymer-ceramic nanocomposite based on high dielectric constant epoxy formula for embedded capacitor application[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2002,83(5):1084. |
| [8] | Neng Guo;Sara A. DiBenedetto;Pratyush Tewari .Nanoparticle, Size, Shape, and Interfacial Effects on Leakage Current Density, Permittivity, and Breakdown Strength of Metal Oxide-Polyolefin Nanocomposites: Experiment and Theory[J].Chemistry of Materials: A Publication of the American Chemistry Society,2010(4):1567-1578. |
| [9] | Zhi-Min Dang;You-Qin Lin;Hai-Ping Xu;Chang-Yong Shi;Sheng-Tao Li;Jinbo Bai .Fabrication and Dielectric Characterization of Advanced BaTio_3/Polyimide Nanocomposite Films with High Thermal Stability[J].Advanced functional materials,2008(10):1509-1517. |
| [10] | Jumpatam J;Thongbai P;Kongsook B et al.High permittivity,low dielectric loss,and high electrostatic potential barrier in Ca2Cu2Ti4O12 ceramics[J].Materials Letters,2012,76:40. |
| [11] | Dang Z M;Zhou T;Yao S H et al.Advanced calcium copper titanate/polyimide functional hybrid films with high dielectric perrnittivity[J].Advanced Materials,2009,21(20):2077. |
| [12] | Benhadjala W;Bord I;Bechou L.Novel core-shell nanocomposites for RF embedded capacitors:processing and characterization[A].San Diego,2012:2157. |
| [13] | 罗遂斌,于淑会,孙蓉,梁先文,杜如虚.BaTiO3表面改性对其环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响[J].电子元件与材料,2011(01):46-49. |
| [14] | 卢鹏荐,王一龙,孙志刚,官建国.高介电常数、低介电损耗的聚合物基复合材料[J].化学进展,2010(08):1619-1625. |
| [15] | Yang, K.;Huang, X.;Xie, L.;Wu, C.;Jiang, P.;Tanaka, T. .Core-shell structured polystyrene/BaTiO _3 hybrid nanodielectrics prepared by in situ RAFT polymerization: A route to high dielectric constant and low loss materials with weak frequency dependence[J].Macromolecular rapid communications: Publishing the newsletters of the European Polymer Federation,2012(22):1921-1926. |
| [16] | Kim, P.;Doss, N.M.;Tillotson, J.P.;Hotchkiss, P.J.;Pan, M.-J.;Marder, S.R.;Li, J.;Calame, J.P.;Perry, J.W. .High energy density nanocomposites based on surface-modified BaTiO _3 and a ferroelectric polymer[J].ACS nano,2009(9):2581-2592. |
| [17] | Cheng Huang;Q. M. Zhang;Gal deBotton;Kaushik Bhattacharya .All-organic dielectric-percolative three-component composite materials with high electromechanical response[J].Applied physics letters,2004(22):4391-4393. |
| [18] | Furukawa T;Ishida K;Fukada E .Piezoelectric properties in the composite systems of polymers and PZT ceramics[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1979,50(7):4904. |
| [19] | 党智敏,周涛.介电高分子基复合材料领域的科学问题与挑战[C].第十三届全国工程电介质学术会议论文集,2011:26-30. |
| [20] | Wang, Y.;Zhou, X.;Chen, Q.;Chu, B.;Zhang, Q. .Recent development of high energy density polymers for dielectric capacitors[J].IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation: A publication of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society,2010(4):1036-1042. |
| [21] | Dang ZM;Wang HY;Zhang YH;Qi JQ .Morphology and dielectric property of homogenous BaTiO3/PVDF nanocomposites prepared via the natural adsorption action of nanosized BaTiO3[J].Macromolecular rapid communications: Publishing the newsletters of the European Polymer Federation,2005(14):1185-1189. |
| [22] | Yu Y;Dang Z M;Zhai J W.Micro-nanosize cofilled high dielectric permittivity composites[A].Harbin,2009:769. |
| [23] | 党智敏,王海燕,彭勃,雷清泉.高介电常数的聚合物基纳米复合电介质材料[J].中国电机工程学报,2006(15):100-104. |
| [24] | Adikary S U;Chan H;Choy C L et al.Characterization of proton irradiated Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3/PVDF ceramic-polymer composites[J].Composites Science and Technology,2002,62(16):2161. |
| [25] | Y. Bai;Z.-Y. Cheng;V. Bharti .High-dielectric-constant ceramic-powder polymer composites[J].Applied physics letters,2000(25):3804-3806. |
| [26] | Sipahioglu S;Madakbas S;Arda L et al.Structural and dielectric properties of two different BaTiO3/polyaniline nanocomposites[J].Inorg Organomet Polym,2013,23(2):333. |
| [27] | R.K. Goyal;S.S. Katkade;D.M. Mule .Dielectric, mechanical and thermal properties of polymer/BaTiO_3 composites for embedded capacitor[J].Composites, Part B. Engineering,2013(1):128-132. |
| [28] | Zeng X L;Yu S H;Sun R et al.Microstructure,thermal and dielectric properties of homogeneous bismaleimide-triazine/barium titanate nanocomposites films[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2011,131(1):387. |
| [29] | Joshi, G.M.;Khatake, S.M.;Kaleemulla, S.;Rao, N.M.;Cuberes, T. .Effect of dopant and DC bias potential on dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/PbTiO_3 - Composite films[J].Current applied physics: the official journal of the Korean Physical Society,2011(6):1322-1325. |
| [30] | Kwon S Y .Improved pyroelectric characteristics of 0 similar to 3 PdTiO3/P (VDF/TrFE) composites films for infrared sensing[J].POLYMER-KOREA,2011,35(5):375. |
| [31] | Parveen, A.;Roy, A.S. .Enhancement of microwave absorption of polyaniline-PbTiO_3 composites prepared by using sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonoic acid[J].Journal of Materials Research,2013(6):840-847. |
| [32] | Yang Yang;Ben-Peng Zhu;Zhi-Hong Lu;Zi-Yu Wang;Chun-Long Fei;Di Yin;Rui Xiong;Jing Shi;Qing-Guo Chi;Qing-Quan Lei .Polyimide/nanosized CaCu_3Ti_4O_(12) functional hybrid films with high dielectric permittivity[J].Applied physics letters,2013(4):042904-1-042904-5. |
| [33] | Qing Y C;Zhou W C;Luo F et al.Effect of magnetic fillers on the electromagnetic properties of CaCu3Ti4O12-epoxy composites within the 2-18 GHz range[J].J Mater Chem C,2013,1:536. |
| [34] | Wenhu Yang;Shuhui Yu;Rong Sun .Nano- and microsize effect of CCTO fillers on the dielectric behavior of CCTO/PVDF composites[J].Acta materialia,2011(14):5593-5602. |
| [35] | Asimakopoulos, I.;Zoumpoulakis, L.;Psarras, G.C. .Development and characterization of a novolac resin/BaTiO _3 nanoparticles composite system[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2012(5):3737-3744. |
| [36] | Thomas Hanemann;Holger Gesswein;Benedikt Schumacher .Development of new polymer-BaTiO_3-composites with improved permittivity for embedded capacitors[J].Microsystem technologies,2011(2):195-201. |
| [37] | Thomas P;Ravindran R S E;Varrna K B R.Dielectric properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/CaCu3Ti4 O12 composites[A].Bangalore,2012 |
| [38] | G. Subodh;V. Deepu;P. Mohanan;M. T. Sebastian .Dielectric response of high permittivity polymer ceramic composite with low loss tangent[J].Applied physics letters,2009(6):062903-1-062903-3. |
| [39] | P. Kim;S. C. Jones;P. J. Hotchkiss;J. N. Haddock;B. Kippelen;S. R. Marder;J. W. Perry .Phosphonic Acid-Modified Barium Titanate Polymer Nanocomposites with High Permittivity and Dielectric Strength[J].Advanced Materials,2007(7):1001-1005. |
| [40] | Dang ZM;Xu HP;Wang HY .Significantly enhanced low-frequency dielectric permittivity in the BaTiO3/poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposite[J].Applied physics letters,2007(1):12901-1-12901-3-0. |
| [41] | Leonard M R;Safari A.Crystallite and grain size effects in BaTiO3[A].East Brunswick,1996:1003. |
| [42] | Kinoshita K;Yamaji A .Grain-size effects on dielectric properties in barium titanate cermics[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1976,47(1):371. |
| [43] | Sihvola A.H.;Alanen E. .Studies of mixing formulae in the complex plane[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1991(4):679-687. |
| [44] | Ang C;Yu Z;Guo R Y et al.Calculation of dielectric cinstant and loss of two-phase composites[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2003,93(6):3475. |
| [45] | Chen LF;Hong YP;Chen XJ;Wu QL;Huang QJ;Luo XT .Preparation and properties of polymer matrix piezoelectric composites containing aligned BaTiO3 whiskers[J].Journal of Materials Science,2004(9):2997-3001. |
| [46] | Wang, Z. .Effect of high aspect ratio filler on dielectric properties of polymer composites: a study on barium titanate fibers and graphene platelets[J].IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation: A publication of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society,2012(3):960-967. |
| [47] | Yu Song;Yang Shen;Penghao Hu;Yuanhua Lin;Ming Li;C. W. Nan .Significant enhancement in energy density of polymer composites induced by dopamine-modified Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)TiO_3 nanofibers[J].Applied physics letters,2012(15):152904-1-152904-3. |
| [48] | Song Y;Shen Y;Liu H Y et al.Enhanced dielectric and ferroelectric properties induced by dopamine-modified BaTiO3 nanofibers in flexible poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) nanocomposites[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2012,22(32):8063. |
| [49] | Penghao Hu;Yu Song;Haiyang Liu .Largely enhanced energy density in flexible P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposites by surface-modified electrospun BaSrTiO3 fibers[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry, A. Materials for energy and sustainability,2013(5):1688-1693. |
| [50] | Nelson J K.The promise of dielectric nanocomposites[A].Toronto,Canada,2006:452. |
| [51] | 何光森,赵涛,朱朋莉,孙蓉,杜如虚.聚合物基复合介电材料的研究进展[J].材料导报,2011(23):85-91. |
| [52] | Study on micro structure and dielectric property of the BaTiO_3/epoxy resin composites[J].Composites science and technology,2008(1):p.171. |
| [53] | Iijima, M;Sato, N;Lenggoro, IW;Kamiya, H .Surface modification of BaTiO3 particles by silane coupling agents in different solvents and their effect on dielectric properties of BaTiO3/epoxy composites[J].Colloids and Surfaces, A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2009(1/3):88-93. |
| [54] | Hyun Min Jung;Ji-Hye Kang;Sung Yun Yang .Barium Titanate Nanoparticles with Diblock Copolymer Shielding Layers for High-Energy Density Nanocomposites[J].Chemistry of Materials: A Publication of the American Chemistry Society,2010(2):450-456. |
| [55] | Yang Rao;Atsushi Takahashi;C. P. Wong .Di-block copolymer surfactant study to optimize filler dispersion in high dielectric constant polymer-ceramic composite[J].Composites, Part A. Applied science and manufacturing,2003(11):1113-1116. |
| [56] | 罗杨,吴广宁,彭佳,张依强,徐慧慧,王鹏.聚合物纳米复合电介质的界面性能研究进展[J].高电压技术,2012(09):2455-2464. |
| [57] | Maurizio Crippa;Alberto Bianchi;Davide Cristofori .High dielectric constant rutile-polystyrene composite with enhanced percolative threshold[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry, C. materials for optical and electronic devices,2013(3):484-492. |
| [58] | Mahmoud N. Almadhoun;Unnat S. Bhansali;H. N. Alshareef .Nanocomposites of ferroelectric polymers with surface-hydroxylated BaTiO3 nanoparticles for energy storage applications[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry: An Interdisciplinary Journal dealing with Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications of Materials, Particulary Those Associated with Advanced Technology,2012(22):11196-11200. |
| [59] | 薛茹君 .无机纳米材料的表面修饰改性与物性研究[D].合肥工业大学,2008. |
| [60] | Chang SJ;Liao WS;Ciou CJ;Lee JT;Li CC .An efficient approach to derive hydroxyl groups on the surface of barium titanate nanoparticles to improve its chemical modification ability[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2009(2):300-305. |
| [61] | Tang, H.;Ma, Z.;Zhong, J.;Yang, J.;Zhao, R.;Liu, X. .Effect of surface modification on the dielectric properties of PEN nanocomposites based on double-layer core/shell-structured BaTiO3 nanoparticles[J].Colloids and Surfaces, A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2011(1/3):311-317. |
| [62] | Liyuan Xie;Xingyi Huang;Chao Wu .Core-shell structured poly(methyl methacrylate)/BaTiO3 nanocomposites prepared by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization: a route to high dielectric constant materials with the inherent low loss of the base polymer[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry: An Interdisciplinary Journal dealing with Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications of Materials, Particulary Those Associated with Advanced Technology,2011(16):5897-5906. |
| [63] | Lin M F;Thakur V K;Tan E J et al.Surface functionalization of BaTiO3 nanoparticles and improved electrical properties of BaTiO3/polyvinylidene fluoride composite[J].RSC Adv,2011,1(4):576. |
| [64] | Wang B H;Liang G Z;Jiao Y C et al.Two-layer materials of polyethylene and a carbon nanotube/cyanate ester composite with high dielectric constant and extremely low dielectric loss[J].CARBON,2013,54:224. |
| [65] | Zhi-Min Dang;Sheng-Hong Yao;Jin-Kai Yuan .Tailored Dielectric Properties based on Microstructure Change in BaTiO3-Carbon Nanotube/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Three-Phase Nanocomposites[J].The journal of physical chemistry, C. Nanomaterials and interfaces,2010(31):13204-13209. |
| [66] | 张娟玲,崔屾.碳纳米管/聚合物复合材料[J].化学进展,2006(10):1313-1321. |
| [67] | Javadi A;Xiao Y L;Xu W J et al.Chemically modified graphene/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) electroactive polymer nanocomposites with superior electromechanical performance[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,2012,22(3):830. |
| [68] | Ayrat Dimiev;Wei Lu;Kyle Zeller .Low-Loss, High-Permittivity Composites Made from Graphene Nanoribbons[J].ACS applied materials & interfaces,2011(12):4657-4661. |
| [69] | Yu, J.;Huang, X.;Wu, C.;Jiang, P. .Permittivity, thermal conductivity and thermal stability of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/graphene nanocomposites[J].IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation: A publication of the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society,2011(2):478-484. |
| [70] | Wei Wu;Shengtao Li;Xingyi Huang .Novel Three-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Superstructures for High Dielectric Constant Polymer Composites Capable of Withstanding High Electric Field[J].The journal of physical chemistry, C. Nanomaterials and interfaces,2012(47):24887-24895. |
| [71] | Yang Shen;Yuanhua Lin;Ming Li;Ce-Wen Nan .High Dielectric Performance of Polymer Composite Films Induced by a Percolating Interparticle Barrier Layer[J].Advanced Materials,2007(10):1418-1422. |
| [72] | Yang, W.;Yu, S.;Sun, R.;Ke, S.;Huang, H.;Du, R. .Electrical modulus analysis on the Ni/CCTO/PVDF system near the percolation threshold[J].Journal of Physics, D. Applied Physics: A Europhysics Journal,2011(47):475305-1-475305-8. |
| [73] | Liang X W;Yu S H;Luo S B.Dielectric properties of Ag@SiO2/epoxy composite for embedded capacitor applications[A].西安,2010:456. |
| [74] | Lu JX;Moon KS;Kim BK;Wong CP .High dielectric constant polyaniline/epoxy composites via in situ polymerization for embedded capacitor applications[J].Polymer: The International Journal for the Science and Technology of Polymers,2007(6):1510-1516. |
| [75] | Jingwen Wang;Congcong Wu;Ruonan Liu .P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)-based percolative composites exhibiting significantly enhanced dielectric properties[J].Polymer bulletin,2013(4):1327-1335. |
| [76] | Yang J;Yang X L;Pu Z J et al.Controllable high dielectric permittivity of poly (arylene ether nitriles)/copper phthalocyanine functional nanohybrid films via chemical interaction[J].Materials Letters,2013,93:199. |
| [77] | Pecharromán C;Moya J S .Experimental evidence of a giant capacitance in insulator-conductor composites at percolation threshold[J].Advanced Materials,2000,12(4):294. |
| [78] | Nan C W .Physics of inhomogeneous inorganic materials[J].Progress in Material Science,1993,37(1):1. |
| [79] | Cheng Huang;Qiming Zhang .Enhanced Dielectric and Electromechanical Responses in High Dielectric Constant All-Polymer Percolative Composites[J].Advanced functional materials,2004(5):501-506. |
| [80] | Stauffer D;Aharony A.Introduction to percolation theory[M].Florida:CRC Press,1994 |
| [81] | Xie L Y;Huang X Y;Huang Y H et al.Core-shell structured hyperbranched aromatic polyamide/BaTiO3 hybrid filler for poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) nanocomposites with the dielectric constant comparable to that of percolative composites[J].ACS Appl Mater Interf,2013,5:1747. |
| [82] | Maheswar Panda;V. Srinivas;A. K. Thakur .Surface and interfacial effect of filler particle on electrical properties of polyvinyledene fluoride/nickel composites[J].Applied physics letters,2008(24):242908-1-242908-3-0. |
| [83] | Pecharroman C.;Bartolome JF.;Lopez-Esteban S.;Moya JS.;Esteban-Betegon F. .New percolative BaTiO3-Ni composites with a high and frequency-independent dielectric constant (epsilon(r) approximate to 80,000)[J].Advanced Materials,2001(20):1541-0. |
| [84] | Rao Y;Wong C P.Ultra high dielectric constant epoxy silver composite for embedded capacitor application[A].San Diego,2002:920. |
| [85] | Nan C W;Shen Y;Ma J .Physical properties of composites near percolation[J].ANNUAL REVIEW OF MATERIALS RESEARCH,2010,40(1):131. |
| [86] | Hernandez Y R;Gryson A;Blighe F M et al.Comparison of carbon nanotubes and nanodisks as percolative fillers in electrically conductive composites[J].Scripta Materialia,2008,58(1):69. |
| [87] | Jianwen Xu;C. P. Wong .Low-loss percolative dielectric composite[J].Applied physics letters,2005(8):082907-1-082907-3-0. |
| [88] | Xianwen Liang;Shuhui Yu;Rong Sun;Suibin Luo;Jie Wan;Zhiqiang Zhuang .Microstructure and dielectric behavior of the three-phase Ag@SiO_2/BaTiO_3/PVDF composites with high permittivity[J].Journal of Materials Research,2012(7):991-998. |
| [89] | Bui Thanh Son;Nguyen Ngoc Trung;Eun Sung Lee .Effect of Phosphate-Containing Acrylic Dispersants on Rheological and Dielectric Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Epoxy System[J].Macromolecular Research,2012(6):634-641. |
| [90] | Scott-Thomas J;Field S B;Kastner M A et al.Conductance oscillations periodic in the density of a one-dimensional electron gas[J].Physical Review Letters,1989,62(5):583. |
| [91] | Feng Q Q;Dang Z M;Li N et al.Preparation and dielectric property of Ag-PVA nano-composite[J].MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING B,2003,99(1):325. |
| [92] | ShuhuiYu;HaitaoHuang;Limin Zhou .A Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Solid-State Reaction Route to Synthesize Relaxor Ferroelectric Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-PbTiO_3 (PMN-PT)[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,2008(4):1057-1064. |
| [93] | Microstructure and electrical properties of Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)TiO_3 thin films prepared on copper foils with La_2O_3 buffer layers[J].Applied Surface Science: A Journal Devoted to the Properties of Interfaces in Relation to the Synthesis and Behaviour of Materials,2009(20):8648-8653. |
| [94] | Yanhua Fan;Shuhui Yu;Rong Sun;Lei Li;Yansheng Yin;Ka-Wai Wong;Ruxu Du .Microstructure and electrical properties of Mn-doped barium strontium titanate thin films prepared on copper foils[J].Applied Surface Science: A Journal Devoted to the Properties of Interfaces in Relation to the Synthesis and Behaviour of Materials,2010(22):6531-6535. |
| [95] | Microstructure and electrical properties of Ba_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)(Ti_(1-x)Zr_x)O_3 thin films prepared on copper foils with sol-gel method[J].Thin Solid Films: An International Journal on the Science and Technology of Thin and Thick Films,2010(14):p.3610. |
| [96] | Zhao N;Wan L X;Cao L Q et al.Dielectric enhancement of BaTiO3/BaSrTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayer thin films deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by sol-gel method[J].Materials Letters,2011,65(23-24):357. |
上一张
下一张
上一张
下一张
计量
- 下载量()
- 访问量()
文章评分
- 您的评分：
-
10%
-
20%
-
30%
-
40%
-
50%