锆铪分离技术是生产核级锆和核级铪的核心技术.描述了锆铪的火法分离和湿法分离技术的现状,特别是甲基异丁基酮-硫氰酸法、磷酸三丁酯法、三辛胺法和改进的N235-H2SO4法等溶剂萃取分离锆铪的工业技术,并对各种工艺流程的优劣进行了技术和经济分析.此外,还重点介绍了锆铪溶剂萃取分离技术的新进展,采用的萃取剂主要包括:酸性含磷萃取剂(P2O4,Cyanex 923,Cynaex 925,PC-88A和Cyanes 272)、异构酸萃取剂(Versatic acid 10)、碱性胺类萃取剂(Aliquat 336)、醚类萃取剂(DC18C6,18C6,B15C5和PEG2000)、螯合萃取剂(LIX84-IC)、协同萃取体系(螯合萃取剂与中性含磷萃取剂)和中性含硫萃取剂(DBSO)等.酸性含磷萃取剂和醚类萃取剂对锆铪分离有较好的效果,对其萃取机制、热力学和动力学等基础性研究较多.这些分离技术仅限于实验室规模的研究,距离产业化应用尚需进行深入研究和扩大实验验证.由于采用溶剂萃取分离锆铪技术会产生环境污染问题,加强绿色锆铪分离工艺的研究和开发是锫铪溶剂萃取分离技术的发展方向.
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