铂族贵金属PGM(Pt,Pd和Rh)已经大量用于汽车尾气净化催化剂,随着工业的快速发展和人们对贵金属饰品需求量的增加,PGM的需求量也日益增加,报废的汽车催化剂成为了PGM最重要的二次资源,其回收利用显得尤为重要.评述了从汽车废催化剂中回收PGM的方法和技术,着重讨论了废汽车催化剂中PGM的粗提工艺,包括湿法和火法2大类,湿法有载体溶解法、活性组分溶解法、全溶法和加压氰化法,火法有等离子体熔炼法、金属捕集法、干式氯化法等,对各种方法的工艺及研究进展进行了讨论,并比较了各种方法的优缺点.湿法工艺的优点是技术简单、成本低、流程短,已经成为从汽车催化剂中回收PGM最普通的方法.湿法工艺的主要缺点是不溶渣中PGM含量仍偏高,浸出率不够稳定,回收率偏低(特别是Rh).火法工艺的优点是处理能力大,废水废气少,PGM回收率高.但富集过程需要大量贱金属作为捕集剂,过程繁冗、投资大、能耗成本高、回收周期长,需考虑污染控制等问题.最后指出提高工艺技术水平、发展新技术、高效、环境友好是汽车催化剂回收技术的发展方向.
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