介绍了中高能核反应过程中与碰撞参数相关的可观测量. 确定碰撞参数的各种方法，以及这些方法的适用范围和可靠性. 这些方法包括约化线性动量转移、带电离子多重性、横向动量的方向性、横向动能和纵向动能的比Erat、 Zbound和椭圆流参量.
Observables that related to the impact parameters in intermediate and relativistic energy heavy ion reactions were introduced. These observables that related to the impact parameter include linear momentum transfer, multiplicities of charged particles, the ratio of transverse kinetic energy and longitudinal kinetic energy Erat, the transverse momentum directivity, Zbound, elliptic flow etc. Impact parameter determination for intermediate and relativistic energy heavy ion reactions was presented. The reliabilities of the methods of parameter determination were discussed.
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