评述了以煤为碳源制备富勒烯、纳米碳管、竹节形碳管、铁嵌入的纳米碳棒和由碳包覆的金属纳米粒子等各种纳米材料.认为:等离子体电孤放电法是由煤制备各种纳米碳质材料最常用的方法,随电弧条件及电极性质的不同,所制备的纳米碳质材料可有各种不同形态及结构.由于煤是分子固体而石墨是晶格固体,两种碳源的反应机理有明显不同.在等离子体电弧加热时,煤分解并产生许多具有简单芳烃结构的分子,在纳米碳质材料的形成过程中,这些分子可能作为纳米碳质材料的结构单元,同时原煤中的矿物质在合成过程中也起着重要作用,因此煤本身的性质对纳米材料的制备极为重要.煤是成本低廉且储量最丰富的碳源,将是大规模工业化生产纳米碳质材料最好的碳源之一.
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