自从Osmond在1885年首次提出β-Fe以为，直到1922年Westgren和Phragmén用高温X射线衍射证明β-Fe与α-Fe有相同的体心立方结构为止，在很长时间内，冶金学家一直为钢为什么在淬火后变硬而争论不休。同素异构派(Allotropist)认为是α-Fe→β-Fe相变的结果，而碳派(Carbonist)认为是C的作用，各执一词。尽管β-Fe的存在被否定了，同素异构相变(γ-Fe→α′-Fe)还是存在的，它与四方畸变的α′-Fe中固溶C都是钢在淬火后变硬的必要条件。这场长达四十年的激烈争论不但阐明了钢的淬火原理，对钢的结构与性能的深入了解也是有益的。
Ever since the first proposal of the presence of β-Fe in 1885 by Osmond, a great debate on the cause of quench hardening of steels was going on until 1922 when Westgren and Phragmén disproved the presence of β-Fe by high temperature X-ray diffraction analysis. The Allotropists like Osmond, Roberts-Austen, Sauveur, etc., claimed that the α-Fe→β-Fe allotropy was responsible for quench hardening, while the Carbonists like Arnold, Hadfield, Ledebur, etc., advocated that carbon in steel was the main cause. Though β-Fe was finally discarded, the allotropic transformation γ→α'(a tetragonally distorted α-Fe, namely martensite) as well as carbon (needed to cause the tetragonal distortion of α-Fe) were found to be the cause of quench hardening. Such a long, fierce debate not only clarified the mechanism of quenching hardening, but also improved our knowledge of the structure and properties of steels.
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