经过数十亿年的进化,自然界中的生物材料表现出许多卓越的性质和独特的功能.这些生物材料通常是由生物体内的有限组分在温和条件下组装而成,其优异的性能在很大程度上来源于复杂的多级结构,例如含邻苯二酚单元的贻贝粘附蛋白具有普适的强粘附力,珠-线结构的蜘蛛丝具有优异机械性能和集水能力,空心结构的北极熊毛发具有隔热保温作用,规则微纳结构的蝴蝶翅膀显示多彩的颜色,梯度多孔结构的柚子皮具有优异的阻尼减震效果等.以自然界的设计原理为灵感制造人工材料在材料科学和工程领域受到了极大关注,过去数10年,这方面的研究成果不胜枚举.总结了仿生材料在结构仿生方面的研究进展,选取了几个从低维到高维尺度上的典型例子概述了仿生材料的结构和功能之间的关系.
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